Fig. 2

Pathway diagram of the polyphenol biosynthesis in the plant cell. Where, red arrows represent the chlorogenic acid pathway, blue arrows represent the flavonoid pathway, while arrows in black represent the phenylpropanoid pathway. PAL: phenylalanine ammonia lyase, C4H: cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, 4CL: 4-coumarate-CoA-ligase, CHS: chalcone synthase, CHI: chalcone isomerase, IFS: isoflavone synthase, IFR: isoflavone reductase, FS: flavone synthase, F3H: flavanone 3-hydroxylase, F3’H: flavonoid 3’ hydroxylase, DFR: dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, FLS: flavonol synthase, AN1: anthocyanin 1, AN2: anthocyanin 2, HQT: hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, C3H: 4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase, and HCT: hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (based on André et al. [38] and Falcone Ferreyra et al. [39])