Fig. 1

Electrolyte leakage (EL) and membrane stability index (MSI) of TiO2 NPs (+ NPs) and non-TiO2 NPs (-NPs) treated soybean plants grown under different NaCl concentrations after 15 days (A and C) and 30 days (B and D) of salt application. * Data represent means ± standard errors (error bars) of three biological replicates. Different letters above column (a, b, c, d…) indicate significant difference (p < 0·05), according to a Duncan multiple range