Fig. 1
From: Plasma-activated water promotes and finely tunes arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus
Monitoring dynamic changes in cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt and [Ca2+]nuc) induced by plasma-activated water (PAW) in Lotus japonicus roots. L. japonicus roots expressing aequorin-based Ca2+ probes targeted to either the cytosol (A-C) or nucleus (D-F) were challenged with progressive dilutions of PAW (lighter colours indicate more diluted PAWs) generated by exposing deionized H2O to plasma torch-derived atmospheric plasma for 5 min at 900 W. Control samples were subjected to untreated deionized H2O (black). Data are the means (solid lines) ± SE (shading) of ≥ 9 biological replicates. The arrowhead indicates the time of stimulus application (at 100 s). Statistical analyses were performed on the [Ca2+]cyt peaks recorded in the first 10 min (B, E) and on the integrated [Ca2+]cyt dynamics over 20 min (C, F). Bars labelled with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn post-hoc test)