Fig. 4
From: Plasma-activated water promotes and finely tunes arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in Lotus japonicus
Phenotypic evaluation of mycorrhizal colonization after 5 weeks (A, mid phase) or 7 weeks (B, late phase) in L. japonicus plants irrigated twice per week, alternating low phosphate modified Long-Ashton with PAW 5’ (blue), PAW 10’ (violet) or H2O (control, green). PAW was obtained by exposing deionized H2O for either 5 min (PAW 5’) or 10 min (PAW 10’) to atmospheric plasma generated by a plasma torch operating at 900 W. The quantification of the degree of mycorrhization was conducted via the Trouvelot method. F%, frequency of mycorrhiza; M%, intensity of the mycorrhizal colonization; A%, arbuscule abundance. Vesicle abundance (V%) was also determined. Data are the means ± SE of 5 biological replicates. Bars labelled with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05, ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s HSD)