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Table 1 Growth data of the different crops after co-cultivation with pre-germinated (P) or non-pre-germinated (NP) Lolium rigidum or Portulaca oleracea seeds. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments for each crop. Asterisks represent significant reductions, while bold letters indicate significant increases when compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). N = 5. Shoot length (SL, cm), root length (RL, cm), number of roots (NR), shoot weight (SW, g) and root weight (RW, g)

From: Allelopathic potential and chemical profile of wheat, rice and barley against the herbicide-resistant weeds Portulaca oleracea L. and Lolium rigidum Gaud.

Crop

Treatment

SL

RL

NR

SW

RW

Wheat

Crop alone

26.7 ± 0.2 a

18.5 ± 0.3 a

5.1 ± 0.3 b

1.10 ± 0.19 a

0.94 ± 0.33 a

+L. rigidum P

26.6 ± 0.5 a

16.9 ± 1.0 b*

5.7 ± 0.2 a

0.98 ± 0.12 ab

0.67 ± 0.15 ab

+L. rigidum NP

25.7 ± 0.8 a

18.1 ± 0.4 a

4.9 ± 0.2 c*

1.03 ± 0.17 ab

0.77 ± 0.22 a

+P. oleracea P

24.4 ± 1.8 ab

15.6 ± 0.5 b*

5.4 ± 0.1 ab

0.89 ± 0.11 b*

0.50 ± 0.12 bc*

+P. oleracea NP

21.9 ± 1.3 b*

12.9 ± 0.9 c*

5.6 ± 0.3 a

0.84 ± 0.14 b*

0.37 ± 0.09 c*

Rice

Crop alone

11.4 ± 0.5 b

3.9 ± 0.2 b

6.7 ± 0.5 b

0.31 ± 0.02 b

0.41 ± 0.05 a

+L. rigidum P

12.4 ± 0.3 a

4.1 ± 0.2 a

7.1 ± 0.6 b

0.36 ± 0.06 ab

0.43 ± 0.07 a

+L. rigidum NP

11.1 ± 0.7 b

4.7 ± 0.2 a

7.2 ± 0.4 b

0.33 ± 0.09 ab

0.43 ± 0.11 a

+P. oleracea P

11.2 ± 0.4 b

3.8 ± 0.4 b

7.9 ± 0.5 a

0.38 ± 0.03 a

0.46 ± 0.04 a

+P. oleracea NP.

12.9 ± 0.6 a

4.2 ± 0.2 b

7.8 ± 0.1 a

0.33 ± 0.02 b

0.41 ± 0.09 a

Barley

Crop alone

13.7 ± 0.4 a

4.1 ± 0.5 a

6.1 ± 0.1 a

0.92 ± 0.10 a

0.52 ± 0.07 a

+L. rigidum P.

13.7 ± 0.3 a

3.7 ± 0.2 ab

5.7 ± 0.1 b*

0.86 ± 0.08 a

0.47 ± 0.07 a

+L. rigidum NP.

13.3 ± 0.6 a

3.5 ± 0.5 b*

5.8 ± 0.2 ab

0.85 ± 0.09 a

0.44 ± 0.07 a

+P. oleracea P.

13.5 ± 0.2 a

3.4 ± 0.4 ab

6.5 ± 0.2 ac

0.85 ± 0.08 a

0.46 ± 0.11 a

+P. oleracea NP.

13.1 ± 1.1 a

3.6 ± 0.5 ab

6.0 ± 0.2 abc

0.87 ± 0.12 a

0.48 ± 0.05 a