Table 2 Allelochemical profile of benzoxazinoids in wheat plants when grown alone or in co-cultivation with Lolium rigidum or Portulaca oleracea. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments for each crop. Asterisks represent significant reductions, while bold letters indicate significant increases when compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). N = 5. Shoot and root values are given in μg kg^-1 and agar values in μg L^-1

Shoot

Crop alone

2.10 ± 0.46 a

589.3 ± 173.1 a

1.73 ± 0.49 a

+L. rigidum

2.61 ± 1.08 a

898.3 ± 988.6 a

2.46 ± 1.43 a

+P. oleracea

2.63 ± 0.32 a

446.3 ± 294.3 a

2.24 ± 0.45 a

Root

Crop alone

1.78 ± 0.02 b

463.7 ± 322.8 b

1.84 ± 0.60 b

+L. rigidum

2.94 ± 1.19 a

1478 ± 709.7 a

11.05 ± 5.7 a

+P. oleracea

2.07 ± 0.38 b

1135 ± 276.0 a

7.02 ± 1.72 a

Agar

Crop alone

1.06 ± 0.03 a

10.15 ± 6.350 a

3.88 ± 1.42 a

+L. rigidum

1.19 ± 0.24 a

8.860 ± 4.160 a

4.15 ± 1.90 a

+P. oleracea

1.06 ± 0.03 a

14.47 ± 9.180 a

2.43 ± 1.45 b*

Sample

Treatment

MBOA

HBOA

HMBOA

Shoot

Crop alone

295.0 ± 125.3 b

179.1 ± 81.25 b

83.81 ± 5.500 a

+L. rigidum

405.6 ± 295.8 ab

222.1 ± 172.2 b

68.15 ± 46.29 a

+P. oleracea

595.5 ± 157.2 a

364.3 ± 98.11 a

77.65 ± 27.84 a

Root

Crop alone

187.8 ± 147.84 b

117.3 ± 95.16 b

25.59 ± 17.73 b

+L. rigidum

704.1 ± 338.9 a

437.9 ± 214.3 a

89.49 ± 39.69 a

+P. oleracea

925.0 ± 123.4 a

577.1 ± 80.89 a

129.5 ± 15.40 a

Agar

Crop alone

17.40 ± 13.09 a

10.75 ± 7.750 a

6.42 ± 3.300 a

+L. rigidum

15.94 ± 11.53 a

10.34 ± 7.270 a

5.86 ± 5.080 a

+P. oleracea

11.88 ± 4.600 a

7.650 ± 2.650 a

4.33 ± 1.260 a