Fig. 4

Effects of salt-induced rhizosphere microorganisms (SiRMs) on the ion content in roots, root H⁺-ATPase activity, and root ion fluxes of cucumber seedlings under salt stress. a Na⁺ content, b K⁺ content, c Ca²⁺ content, d H⁺-ATPase activity, e Na⁺ flux, f K⁺ flux, g H⁺ flux, and h Cl⁻ flux in the roots of cucumber seedlings in the rhizosphere microorganism and salt stress treatments. Positive values represent efflux, negative values represent influx, and different letters in the graphs indicate significant differences between treatments (Duncan's multiple range test, P < 0.05). All the plants were grown in sterile soil under four treatment conditions: treatment with sterile water (control), treatment with 75 mM NaCl (Na), treatment with SiRM inoculation under nonsaline conditions (Rh), and treatment with SiRM inoculation under 75 mM NaCl conditions (RN)