Fig. 4

Effects of the NE on the water absorption and germination of mustard seeds. Note: a: Effects of the NE on the water uptake of mustard seeds. b: Germination rate of mustard seeds within 48 h of treatment with CK and NE extract. * denotes a significant difference (P < 0.05), ** denotes a highly significant difference (P < 0.01), and **** denotes an extremely significant difference (P < 0.0001). Significant differences were determined via comparisons between different treatments groups at the same time point